Managing Cultural Diversity Free Essays

Synopsis This scholastic paper will think about the investigation â€Å"Cooperation and rivalry in intercultural interactions† directed by David Matsumoto and Hyi Sung Hwang, San Francisco State University, United States. Prisoner’s Dilemma, Ultimatum, Trust Game are notable mess around which permitted to collect adequate information in the introduced region of studies as far as participation, rivalry, discipline, trust, reliable and unmistakably shows that individuals of various societies plays these games in an unexpected way. Prior research has arrived at resolution that intercultural collaborations shows more negative outcomes in helpful practices in game play than intracultural communications; however to date no exact connections have been made between social results and social contrasts between the members, which turned into the genuine reason for the examination. We will compose a custom article test on Overseeing Cultural Diversity or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now The main theory is that Intercultural condition will create more negative conduct results and collaboration than the Control condition and the subsequent theories expresses that these social contrasts are associated with social contrasts. Coordinators of the examination offered changed form of Prisoner’s Dilemma where accomplice either nation mate or universal one. Americans were placed in a similar sex-dyads in one of three conditions: with another American members (Control Condition †120 individuals, 40 guys and 80 females), with a worldwide understudy (Intercultural condition †41 Americans, 20 guys, 21 females and 41 universal members, 20 guys and 21 females), or with another American yet under unpleasant condition (Stress conditions †90 individuals, 44 guys and 46 females). The point of the members is to build their support charge, and they were informed that a measure of paid total relies upon their play, as a general rule they got standard measure of expense. They were situated inverse one another and were not permitted to talk, each pair was isolated by divider, Experimenter watched the play on the opposite side of the table. Every member was given 20 1$ coins and a blue (seriousness, surrender or treachery) and yellow (collaboration, trust, weakness) card. They had an alternative whether to play with blue or yellow card inside the time assigned for each play. Members in the Control and Intercultural Conditions were told to build their unique settlements and they got cooperation charge notwithstanding they won or lost the play; the length of each cycle 20 s. Members in stress conditions were told that one member should prevail upon other, and champ will get all coins from looser; each round went on for 4 s. Play proceeded for 20 rounds, or until one of the players lost all their cash. Scientists picked an expansive based methodology, where they characterized a lot of setting factors (they were extricated from the plays and added across the two players for creation a score for each pair) and what's more they made 10 individual qualities (participation, disloyalty, pardoning, reprisal, reparation, deserting, compromise, impasse, prosocial acts, introverted acts); inspected lists of social contrasts between sets of people from various societies, utilizing home nation scores on Hofestede’ (2001) social measurements (Individualism versus Cooperation, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity versus Womanliness, and Long versus Momentary Orientation) . Explores likewise made social contrasts score in the intercultural condition. All members breezed through a character assessment (Neo-Five Factor Inventory) and were qualified as satisfactory. Other than this, members self-detailed their feelings utilizing 9-point scale (0-9 outrage, scorn, appall, dread, bliss, shock, pride, disgrace, embracement, blame, intrigue and so on ) before going into the trial room and after. For the intercultural Conditions looks into figured Cultural Distances scores for each pair utilizing Hofstede’s (2001) five social measurements. As the outcome in the wake of registering subordinate/autonomous variable (Condition), mulling over that pair had similar attributes (same sex outsiders in a similar condition), dissecting information for speculations, directing post hoc examinations utilizing Scheffe tests, in this way specialists presumed that Intercultural Condition seemed as though the Stress Condition, exhibiting more awful conduct results than the Control Condition regardless of the Intercultural Conditions had indistinguishable guidelines and systems from the ontrol Condition. Speculation 1 was demonstrated. Initiators of the examination additionally figured pair level connections among's Geographic and Cultural Distance scores with every one of the social results in the Intercultural Conditions. More prominent social Distance on Power Distance was dependably was unequivocally connected with more negative conduct results. Theory 2 was upheld. Conversation Strengths This examination is the absolute first research which experimentally connected social results to social contrasts between the players and it is certain that these discoveries play will make fundamental commitment for future exact works, business improvement, intercultural mentors and members itself. Coordinators of the investigation acquainted character scale with control singular level impacts, offered members to self-report twice their passionate state earlier and after test, estimated and figured ward/autonomous setting factors (utilized notable Hofested’s social measurements) so as to lessen the chance of duty of the natural and social attribution misrepresentation. Impediments Multifaceted writing don't clarify us adequately what occurs in intercultural circumstances since diverse contrasts are not really meant conduct contrasts in intercultural communications; in addition, there is no exact exhibit that not so much helpful but rather more damaging practices related with intercultural associations associated with social contrasts between the members. Game guidelines and test system make direct correlations extremely troublesome and there is a likelihood that guidelines are deciphered contrastingly in various societies. Distinction scores of participants’ home nation scores on social measurements are not unequivocally connected to members since they are essentially diffuse and conceptual. Philosophy didn’t take into consideration division of relative remaining of the general remaining of intensity separation and assessment of whether contrasts were reliable at various estimations of measurement. Another worries how the members in the Intercultural Condition see contrasts between one another. Additionally, it is understood whether these discernments are programmed or conscious idea. One of the restrictions of the examination identified with potential informative factors (such factors may have been at play) that were not estimated (socially based, singular contrasts in monetary desires, strict contrasts and so forth ) References Matsumoto D. Hwang H. S. , (2011), Cooperation and rivalry in intercultural associations, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 35 , Issue 5 , pp. 677-685 Ailon, G. (2008). Mirror, reflect on the divider: Culture’s outcomes in its very own worth trial structure. Institute of Management Review, 33(4), 885â€904. Allik, J. , Realo, A. (2004). Individualismâ€Collectivism and social capital. Diary of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(1), 29â€49. Step by step instructions to refer to Managing Cultural Diversity, Papers

Marriage in the Renaissance and Shakespeares As You Like It Essays

Marriage in the Renaissance and As You Like It   â The idea of marriage has been viewed as a sacrosanct and conventional piece of life since the start of connections between people. The standards of these personal connections were set up as per church law. Such principles comprised of the traditional/normal marriage and the custom of wedding (service). William Shakespeare looks at the traditions of marriage practice of the Renaissance timespan in his work As You Like It.  Marriage at the time concentrated on a hetero connection between a man and lady. Kirsti S. Thomas, clarifies that marriage didn't concern the genuine romance component that exists in the run of the mill relationships of today. At the hour of Shakespeare, she expresses that marriage served to move riches or property and to proceed with the family line (2). Relationships were the aftereffect of socially and financially arranged situations, like the station framework in India. As indicated by a web source spend significant time in Renaissance weddings, such couplings of ...arranged relationships of the privileged were chosen when the lady of the hour and man of the hour were youthful, generally ten to eleven years. Lower class relationships had comparative thought processes, anyway they were the aftereffect of pregnancies (3). By and large, the marriage needed to have full assent of at a relative or parental gatekeeper. There were numerous mandates and explicit sets of accepted rules t hat must be followed before a wedding was to happen. Thomas depicts one of these mandates with having two rules, So as to be perceived by the congregation, one of the accomplices must give assent and the minister must state the recipe, 'we consolidate in this heavenly matrimony...' (6). Elegant love did exist, and was support... ...t.â Consentual marriage was between a man and a lady. The custom of a wedding service was increasingly mainstream and between connected with the Catholic church. All through the characters in the play, those subjects are outlined.  Works Cited Coulton, G.G. Life in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. 1967. P. 83 Davis, William Steams. Life of a Medieval Barony. Harper and Row. New York. 1951. P. 109-112. Greensblatt, Stephen.â The Norton Shakespeare Oxford Edition. W.W. Norton and Co. New York. 1997. 1591-1656. Thomas, Kirsti S/Medieval and Renaissance Marriage: Theory and Customs. Medieval and Renaissance Wedding Page. http://www.drizzle.com?~celyn/mrwp/mrwed.html. Ed: Kuehl B.J. 1995. Date Accessed: 14 October 2002. http://www.renaissance-weddings.net/ Renaissance Weddings. 2001. World Web Design, LLC. Date Accessed: 14 October 2002.

Lifes Greatest Miracle Essay Sample

Lifes Greatest Miracle Essay Sample For centuries people have been trying to unravel a conundrum of life. We know how a person is born, what biological processes are involved in life and how life ends. However, there are so many mysteries in life that remain uncovered. Is there a universal law that governs our life just like gravity pulls us down, and the same way that the laws of thermodynamics, mechanics and other established fundamental laws? Some people believe that life is hard. Others find it joyful and exuberant. It can be pathetic and unproductive or extremely prolific for some people. I personally find life’s greatest miracle that it can be anything and, what is more, it becomes what you think it is, and that our future is projected by our today’s thoughts. The teachings of Buddhism say that people suffer in life because they get a wrong perspective of the world, other people in it and of themselves. They tend to get attached to material things, people and health which are all temporary. Loss of material welfare, the stress created by people themselves causes frustration, more stress and dissatisfaction with life. By learning to meditate a person acquires knowledge of how to see the undistorted reality. Buddhists claim that once a person’s mind is peaceful, a person learns what true happiness is, irrespective whether or not person owns something. This means that everyone who masters the practice of mediation and learns to appreciate the present moment will experience happiness in life. The modern western theory of quantum physics emphasizes the importance of the so called law of attraction. Scientists claim that our thoughts represent a stream of energy that attracts things with the same vibration. So if we think positively, we draw good things in life and the opposite. Gloomy thoughts, fears and insecurity cause bad events in life. A new science is appearing â€" it is a science of happiness. There are many motivational speakers, coaches, mentors and psychologists that are confident that they can teach people how to improve their standard of life by simply thinking positively. People are encouraged to concentrate on positive things and meditate. Another constituent of future happiness is identifying your purpose in life and setting specific goals that can be put down on special mind maps. I find it interesting that although different in nature, both the ancient Buddhist tradition and the modern tendency have one thing in common â€" they aim at control of a restless human mind. Once a person learns how to control their thoughts and attention, their quality of life is expected to improve. A lot of renowned authors write in their books about how their life has transformed after they changed their way of thinking. It is a comforting thought to tell myself that my destiny is in my hands. But because thinking precedes action, it is important to change the way we think first. It is of crucial importance to remember that no one is perfect. We all make wrong choices in life and consequently fall down to the ground. But as the result of that, one has a choice to become impaired or summon up the courage and live on happily. If one changes their angle of view, bad experiences can become useful lessons, disappointments â€" beginning of a new life stage and failures â€" a solid ground for new opportunities. And that’s what I find to be the greatest miracle of life.

Native Americans vs. European Colonists Essay - 2172 Words

The European colonists and the Native Americans of North America had very different views on nearly everything they encountered in their lives. Living in vastly different cultures lead both groups to have two extremely different outlooks on four main topics; religious beliefs, the environment, social relations, and slavery, differences which the colonists used to their advantage when conquering the peoples of the New World. The colonists, by saying that the Native Americans were primitive and savage because of their differing and seemingly illogical attitudes, were able to do things that they could never have done to people they believed to be equals. Whether this was a conscious or subconscious method on the part of the†¦show more content†¦Religion was a fervently discussed topic; people were looked down upon and often killed for the wrong religious affiliation. It makes sense that these first colonists and the many that came after would deem the Native American religions as an inferior, crude religion that was inherently â€Å"wrong† by their own religious standards. Most colonists that came in the early 1600’s were Christians, a religion that has very specific rules and rigid regulations that must be followed to be a â€Å"saved† person destined for a paradisiacal after life. Within these restrictions were the directions to â€Å"Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature† (Mark 16:15). It seems clear that from the first the Christian religion was telling the colonists to â€Å"help† the natives by making them conform to the culture of the colonists and destroying their own. This was always done with a sense of Native American natural inferiority. In most cases, the Native Americans were not told the entire nature of their conversion. A Jesuit described the tactics used in converting Native Americans, â€Å"The outward splendor with which we endeavor to surround the Ceremonies of the Church†¦with a magnificence surpassing anything that the eyes of our savages have ever beheld – all these things produce an impression on their minds† (Le pays reneverse by denys delage 168). For those truly religious souls, coming to the New World meant a chance to bring salvation and Christianity to newShow MoreRelatedNative Americans And The American Indians1196 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Indians have lived in the United States since the beginning of this nation. Divided in small groups called tribes, they lived in harmony. With a great sense of spirituality, the Native Americans worshiped nature, the moon, sun, rain, earth, etc. Without exploitation, they learned how to use the natural resources to survive, having as their principal occupation hunting, fishing, and farming. However, when Europeans colonist came to America looking for freedom of religion or economic opportunityRead MoreReview : New Western History1720 Words   |  7 Pagesapproach to looking at the history of the American West. Whereas the old narrative deemphasized the contributions of others, the new interpretative paradigm is now more inclusive of the roles of women, minority groups, the Federal Government, corporate capitalism, urbanization, and Spain too. In addition, a new environmental narrative has emerged as well. Prior to the implementation of the grid system, earlier colonial settlers sought to copy the European towns from which they came from. This meantRead MoreChristopher Columbus and the Tenents of the American Dream1158 Words   |  5 PagesChristopher Columbus was a man in history that had a profound impact on each of the tenets of the American Dream. Though not each impact was one that was positive, it was an impact nonetheless, and so I believe that he was able to have a profound impact on the dreams. The first tenet of the American dream outlines that any individual is able to pursue it, and Columbus proves this notion through his upbringings. He was the some of a merchant and was self-educated, and through all of this, he isRead MoreChanges in the Land Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesEssay In William Cronon’s book Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England, he discuses the ecological history of New England from the late sixteenth century to the early nineteenth century. He demonstrates how the New Englanders changed the land by illustrating the process of the change in the landscape and the environment. In the Preface Cronon states, â€Å"My thesis is simple: the shift from Indian to European dominance in New England entailed important changes—well knownRead MoreAP US essay1815 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Step 1: State Your Argument Based on your existing knowledge of American Indian–colonial relations in North America, write an argument to use as the basis of your research. The French experienced the best relationship with the natives as they were very cooperative with the Natives, peacefully tried to convert them and married Native women and integrated with them. The Spanish came behind the French as they integrated with them as well however they were much more violent in exploiting them for resourcesRead MoreRevolutionary Ideas: Patriots vs. Loyalists1100 Words   |  5 PagesRevolutionary Ideas: Patriots vs. Loyalists In early America, there were three factions that developed within the colonies- Loyalists, Patriots, and fence-sitters (neutral). This melting pot of different ideas, goals, and outlooks is what made pre-Revolutionary War America so volatile. These three factions seem easy to identify, Patriots wanted freedom from the crown all together, Loyalists want to stay British, and fence-sitters want to stay out of the political battle all together. However, itRead More Race and Intercultural Relations in the United States Essay2237 Words   |  9 Pagesthe first footfalls of Europeans upon the American continent’s shores. Each group of settlers and immigrants have brought their own unique perspectives and underlying values to the table. Many of these perspectives have been incorporated into the mainstream way of life, many others however, have been dismissed and discarded as either foreign or outright dangerous. The patterns that have emerged from this interaction of cultures and peoples define who we are today as Americans, not a homogenous amalgamRead MoreColonial School vs Modern Era1506 Words   |  7 Pages1. Colonial School vs. Modern Era The impact of schools has been ever changing. From their New England traditions, to civilizing of western settlers, and finally the requirement of educated individuals what schools and education have to do in society is constantly being molded and remolded. New models, ideas, ideals, and requirements for schools are constantly being established and have come a long way from the colonial period to the modern era. During colonial times school and education was usedRead MoreEssay on Causes and Effects of the American Revolution1557 Words   |  7 PagesBritish and the American colonists contributed to causing the American Revolution. The war grew out of contempt: England’s contempt for the colonies and colonial contempt for British policies. A series of actions by the British eventually pushed the colonists over the edge and towards independence. The results of the war gave many citizens a new role in society while others, like slaves, felt no change at all. This paper will examine the specific causes and effects of the American Revolution. IdeologyRead More Racism: a Short History Essay example1347 Words   |  6 Pagesracializers and the racialized can coexist in the same society (9). The genocide of Native American peoples initiated by the Spanish in the Caribbean and ultimately propelled and most fiercely executed by English colonials in North America, has fallen victim to a collective amnesia that Fredrickson seems to suggest is only a natural consequence of the religious indoctrination that is inherently vital to the American identity. Though not the main thrust of his work, there are several passages that aptly

Differences Between Countries And Developing Countries

Geographers like to differentiate countries by grouping them into developed and developing countries. A developed country is a country that has progressed relatively far during time and has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure. Some examples of developed countries are the U.S.A, Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, Netherlands and many others. They are normally the more profound countries that we hear about more often than developing countries. A developing country is a country that is at an early stage in economic development and has a less developed industrial base, and a low Human Development Index (HDI). The Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators and is used to rank countries into tiers of human development. Having a low HDI means the country has a low life expectancy, a shorter length of education and the income per capita is lower. Some examples of developing countries are Br azil, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, India, Afghanistan, and many others. I plan to bring you into an in depth explanation about the many differences in population studies between Japan and Brazil. First off, we’ll start with a little bit of background information on both countries. Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands in East Asia with a population of 126,919,659 (July 2015). It has a land area of about 140,728 square miles and a total area of about 145,913 square miles. It’s area canShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between A Developed Country And A Developing Country Essay2326 Words   |  10 PagesThis paper examines the similarities and differences of a culture between a developed country and a developing country. This paper explores the comparison of culture to our country, Belize’s and the culture of the United States. According to Maconis Culture can be define as the â€Å"ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people’s way of life. Culture includes what we think, how we act, and what we own. Culture is both our link to the pastRead MoreDifferences Between Developed Countries And Developing Countries2298 Words   |  10 PagesGEOGRAPHY PROJECT PART ONE Developing country selected: Ethiopia 1. Describe the differences between developed countries and developing countries (100 words) Developed nations are which can are countries that are more industrialized and have higher per capita income levels. A developed nation has a per capita income around or above $12,000. Most developed countries have an average per capita income of approximately $38,000. Some developed nations include the United States, Canada, Japan, RepublicRead MoreCultural Differences Between Developing Countries (China/ India) and Developed Countries (Uk)2570 Words   |  11 Pagesbusiness. Developing countries such as China and India have therefore, become appealing markets to foreign investors. It is anticipated that China and India will soon be the world’s biggest economies. Presently, eighty percent of the electronic goods globally are manufactured in china. This has resulted to more western companies wanting to invest in china as opposed to other countries. Unfortunately, there is intercultural management problem with the unprecedented increase in cooperation between the developingRea d MoreTypes Of Collateral Used For Business Lending1474 Words   |  6 Pagesbank guarantees. When banks across developed and developing countries are compared, it was observed that developed countries rank real estate as the most important type of collateral more frequently than the developing countries. About 56% of the developed country banks rank real estate as the most important collateral type for business lending to small firms compared to only 37 % of the developing country banks. In case of developing countries, the banks consider a higher variety of collateralsRead MoreModernization and Dependency Theory1563 Words   |  7 Pagesgrowing integration of countries can hardly fail to affect the development of new theories which attempt to explain the relationship between countries and the existing inequality between developed countries and countries of the third world. In this respect, it is possible to refer to Modernization theory and Dependency theory which, being quite different, still have certain similarities in their views on the modern world and relationships b etween developed and developing countries. It is worthy of mentionRead MoreComparing India And The United States965 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the world countries are often characterized as being developed or developing. Two countries that are examples of being developed and developing are the United States and India. This classification of countries is often based on their economic status. 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They allowed the trade between different countries and within the same country to a certain degree of liberalization where several new business practices can be implementedRead More The Role of Ethnicity and Race in the Way Audiences Interpret Media Messages1598 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Ethnicity and Race in the Way Audiences Interpret Media Messages According to the sociological definition of race and ethnicity, there is a close interrelation between race and ethnicity. Race has not been defined by the biological difference that it is stood on the social construct. Race does not discriminate the skin color from others which is related to the ethnicity. Race is defined on the social construct which based on physical and cultural features (Fulcher Scott, 2007). 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It can be clearly seen from the table that countries with the lowest HDI below 0.3 are considered to be the economically

Fools Crow Free Essays

The tribal status of White Man’s Dog, as it were in the beginning of Fools Crow, was certainly not as he desired it to be. Due to the position of wealth his father had risen to, it seems the tribe expected much from him. Welch does not go into great detail concerning the views of the tribes people on White Man’s Dog, but Yellow Kidney describes him on page 7 as having â€Å"much heart but (being) unlucky†[1]. We will write a custom essay sample on Fools Crow or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is true, being eight-teen without a wife and having only three horses, none of which being block horn runners; White Man’s Dog does in fact appear unlucky. However, Yellow Kidney plays a major role in the reversal of this luck. White Man’s Dog has a complete turn in tribal status, earning a wife and horses as well as a new identity with in the tribe. Dreams are a constant theme in Fools Crow. Many different characters have dreams, and each responds differently to them. During the journey to the Crow Raid, White Man’s Dog has a dream about naked women desiring him, but fears danger if he goes. He wants to inform Yellow Kidney of this dream put hesitates due to advice he had received from his father. In the end this was a costly decision, as the dream comes to fruition during the raid, not White Man’s Dog, but for Yellow Kidney. Turns-out the alarm for risk was valid, as Yellow Kidney gets very sick from his encounter with the Crow Women. When news of White Mans Dog feels responsible[2] for this outcome. During this same raid, Fast Horse also has a dream. Fast Horse is prideful and boasts of his dream, which turned out to not come true. Fast Horse was greatly humiliated by this and seemed to have his future driven by it. The most consequential dream was had by Mik-api. In this dream, Mik-api spoke to Raven about Wolverine who was trapped, and needed White Man’s Dog to help him. This dream did in fact come to realization and resulted in White Man’s Dog gaining confidence and his ‘medicine’. As a result of White Man’s Dog realizing his new inner strength, he was able to take part in war against the Crows. This battle would prove life changing for White Man’s Dog as it would be where he earned his new name; Fools Crow. His great modesty made acceptance of his new name very difficult. The meaning behind it had been stretched greatly out of its real context. During battle, White Man’s Dog played dead, fooling the Crow Chief, Bull Shield. Because Bull Shield assumed White Man’s Dog was indeed dead, it was possible for him to spring up and kill the chief. This account was, as I said, greatly inflated and reported that, with use of medicine, White Man’s Dog was able to fool all the crows, thus earning his new name Fools Crow. As I have read through all the tales and recounts contained in the many great pieces of Native American Literature, one theme has stood out to me more than anything else. Maybe it is due to my admiration for nature, but it seems all tribes made great attempts to both explain natural events and create an association of these events with human life. Welch clearly depicts the Blackfoot people as being of this same mind frame. The names and life given to the wind, the sun and various animals’ reports on their own view of the world they live in. The relationship a male Blackfoot has with â€Å"his animal† shows this relationship between humans and nature. This disposition, of a human and nature link, shows the worldview of this tribe clearly as an all-encompassing outlook. They undoubtedly see the world as one big union, everything being linked to one another. The walk I took with White Man’s Dog, growing and changing into Fools Crow was an intense one to say the least. James Welch has the uncanny ability to connect reader to character and I feel as if Fools Crow and I have a bond, as if he and his story have been made alive with in the many nights I’ve spent with him. How to cite Fools Crow, Essay examples

Relating Alcohol To Aggressive Behavior Essays - Drinking Culture

Relating Alcohol to Aggressive Behavior From the beginning of recorded history, alcohol has been a part of human culture. However, it appears that the correlation between alcohol and violent aggression is a trait solely to the American culture. So the question that must be answered is 'Is it the alcohol, or is it the individual's expectancies while under the influence of alcohol?'. There has been piles of research done in an effort to answer this question and still the relationship between alcohol and aggression remains a mystery. In examining some of this research, there are some recurring themes and theories. The Expectancy Theory states that its is not the alcohol that causes aggressive behavior, but a person's expectations of what the alcohol does to oneself. A similar theory, but one worth mentioning, is the Attention Based Theory. It states that when using alcohol, a person's cognitive resources are reduced. This causes a person to concentrate on only a few things, including emotion at the time, and pretty much block everything else out. This could lead to a person focusing in on anger and one having a heightened level of aggressive behavior. The final theory that has emerged is the Pharmacological Theory. This theory attributes alcohol's effects on aggression solely to alcohol and how it interacts with the human body. There are other theories to sort through but, as I have found, these listed are of the more prevalent and plausible. The Expectancy Theory is based on the idea that it is the person consuming alcohol, not the alcohol itself, that causes the increase in aggression. Magnified a little more, the theory is about how a society perceives someone's actions sober and under the influence of alcohol. In reviewing Social and Behavioral Consequences of Alcohol Consumption and Expectancy: A Meta-Analysis (Bond, Hull 1986) it is plain to see the contradicting research in looking at this theory. However, the article's primary focus is on how expectancy affects deviant social behaviors by providing an excuse to engage in otherwise inappropriate acts. The analysis took a sample of studies to examine. To be considered the study had to be published before Sept. 1985, used that used balanced-placebo design (used a randomized factorial design in which an alcohol-placebo beverage manipulation was crossed with an alcohol-placebo expectancy manipulation). There ended up being thirty-six total experiments found that fit th ese requirements. The results of the experiments were combined to summarize the alcohol and expectancy effects. Dependent measures identified were: aggression, alcohol consumption, physical sensations, mood, attentional focus, locus of control, helping, motor performance, information processing, physiology, and sexual arousal. In order for the expectancy theory to hold true, the belief that one is drinking alcohol should have the same effects as alcohol consumption. The studies analyzed yielded interesting results. Internal sensations and mood seemed to be effected by the actual consumption of alcohol and relatively immune to the effects of alcohol expectancy. The results found inconsistencies in the moods aroused when alcohol was consumed and a significantly high amount of heterogeneity of expectancy effects. This might indicate that expectancy has a more beneficial effect on mood in a humorous setting than in neutral setting (a humorous setting is hard to replicate in a research lab which accounts for this aspect missing in the data). The numbers show that physiological responses were not reliably susceptible to the effects of alcohol or expectancy. A sex difference is found, however, in the expectancy model of this aspect. Though not statistically significant, women showed a slight increase in aro**************************************************************************************************************************************************** ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************y does not increase aggressive tendencies, it may even lower aggressive behavior in some cases. On the flip-side of the coin, expectancy does have significant effects on sexual arousal and alcohol consumption (loss of drinking control) while alcohol consumption does not effect these aspects. The article concludes with the notion that both alcohol consumption and expectancy have effects on behavior. However, it is hard to say from the studies examined which data is comparable to other data due to the heterogeneous experiments and results. This analysis was honest with its findings and pointed out the confounds in the studies they evaluated. The researchers did not find exactly what they were looking for but they also did not find,